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- package UNIVERSAL;
-
- our $VERSION = '1.04';
-
- # UNIVERSAL should not contain any extra subs/methods beyond those
- # that it exists to define. The use of Exporter below is a historical
- # accident that can't be fixed without breaking code. Note that we
- # *don't* set @ISA here, as we don't want all classes/objects inheriting from
- # Exporter. It's bad enough that all classes have a import() method
- # whenever UNIVERSAL.pm is loaded.
- require Exporter;
- @EXPORT_OK = qw(isa can VERSION);
-
- # Make sure that even though the import method is called, it doesn't do
- # anything unless called on UNIVERSAL.
- sub import {
- return unless $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
- goto &Exporter::import;
- }
-
- 1;
- __END__
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- $is_io = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
- $is_io = Class->isa("IO::Handle");
-
- $does_log = $obj->DOES("Logger");
- $does_log = Class->DOES("Logger");
-
- $sub = $obj->can("print");
- $sub = Class->can("print");
-
- $sub = eval { $ref->can("fandango") };
- $ver = $obj->VERSION;
-
- # but never do this!
- $is_io = UNIVERSAL::isa($fd, "IO::Handle");
- $sub = UNIVERSAL::can($obj, "print");
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class from which all blessed references inherit.
- See L<perlobj>.
-
- C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods:
-
- =over 4
-
- =item C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>
-
- =item C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>
-
- =item C<< eval { VAL->isa( TYPE ) } >>
-
- Where
-
- =over 4
-
- =item C<TYPE>
-
- is a package name
-
- =item C<$obj>
-
- is a blessed reference or a string containing a package name
-
- =item C<CLASS>
-
- is a package name
-
- =item C<VAL>
-
- is any of the above or an unblessed reference
-
- =back
-
- When used as an instance or class method (C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>),
- C<isa> returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or
- inherits from package C<TYPE>.
-
- When used as a class method (C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>, sometimes
- referred to as a static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS>
- inherits from (or is itself) the name of the package C<TYPE> or
- inherits from package C<TYPE>.
-
- If you're not sure what you have (the C<VAL> case), wrap the method call in an
- C<eval> block to catch the exception if C<VAL> is undefined.
-
- If you want to be sure that you're calling C<isa> as a method, not a class,
- check the invocant with C<blessed> from L<Scalar::Util> first:
-
- use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
-
- if ( blessed( $obj ) && $obj->isa("Some::Class") {
- ...
- }
-
- =item C<< $obj->DOES( ROLE ) >>
-
- =item C<< CLASS->DOES( ROLE ) >>
-
- C<DOES> checks if the object or class performs the role C<ROLE>. A role is a
- named group of specific behavior (often methods of particular names and
- signatures), similar to a class, but not necessarily a complete class by
- itself. For example, logging or serialization may be roles.
-
- C<DOES> and C<isa> are similar, in that if either is true, you know that the
- object or class on which you call the method can perform specific behavior.
- However, C<DOES> is different from C<isa> in that it does not care I<how> the
- invocant performs the operations, merely that it does. (C<isa> of course
- mandates an inheritance relationship. Other relationships include aggregation,
- delegation, and mocking.)
-
- By default, classes in Perl only perform the C<UNIVERSAL> role. To mark that
- your own classes perform other roles, override C<DOES> appropriately.
-
- There is a relationship between roles and classes, as each class implies the
- existence of a role of the same name. There is also a relationship between
- inheritance and roles, in that a subclass that inherits from an ancestor class
- implicitly performs any roles its parent performs. Thus you can use C<DOES> in
- place of C<isa> safely, as it will return true in all places where C<isa> will
- return true (provided that any overridden C<DOES> I<and> C<isa> methods behave
- appropriately).
-
- =item C<< $obj->can( METHOD ) >>
-
- =item C<< CLASS->can( METHOD ) >>
-
- =item C<< eval { VAL->can( METHOD ) } >>
-
- C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does,
- then it returns a reference to the sub. If it does not, then it returns
- I<undef>. This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
- C<VAL>.
-
- C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method through
- AUTOLOAD (unless the object's class has overriden C<can> appropriately), so a
- return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean the object will not be able
- to handle the method call. To get around this some module authors use a forward
- declaration (see L<perlsub>) for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For
- such 'dummy' subs, C<can> will still return a code reference, which, when
- called, will fall through to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided,
- calling the coderef will cause an error.
-
- You may call C<can> as a class (static) method or an object method.
-
- Again, the same rule about having a valid invocant applies -- use an C<eval>
- block or C<blessed> if you need to be extra paranoid.
-
- =item C<VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )>
-
- C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
- package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
- it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
- greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>.
-
- C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method or an object
- method.
-
- =back
-
- =head1 EXPORTS
-
- None by default.
-
- You may request the import of three functions (C<isa>, C<can>, and C<VERSION>),
- however it is usually harmful to do so. Please don't do this in new code.
-
- For example, previous versions of this documentation suggested using C<isa> as
- a function to determine the type of a reference:
-
- use UNIVERSAL 'isa';
-
- $yes = isa $h, "HASH";
- $yes = isa "Foo", "Bar";
-
- The problem is that this code will I<never> call an overridden C<isa> method in
- any class. Instead, use C<reftype> from L<Scalar::Util> for the first case:
-
- use Scalar::Util 'reftype';
-
- $yes = reftype( $h ) eq "HASH";
-
- and the method form of C<isa> for the second:
-
- $yes = Foo->isa("Bar");
-
- =cut
-